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Beyond physical health, veterinary science addresses "affective states"—ensuring animals are not only free from pain but also from anxiety, fear, and frustration. Veterinary Behavioral Medicine

Sudden behavioral changes in mature animals are often "red flags" for underlying medical issues, such as pain or cognitive decline. Beyond physical health

Understanding animal behavior——is no longer a peripheral interest in veterinary medicine; it is a clinical necessity. The bridge between behavioral science and veterinary practice is essential for accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and the overall improvement of animal welfare. Beyond physical health