One of the key insights from these studies is that pattern formation in nonequilibrium systems is often associated with the presence of instabilities, which can arise from a variety of sources, including diffusion, convection, and nonlinear interactions. These instabilities can lead to the emergence of complex patterns, which can be either stationary or dynamic.
Bacterial colonies, bird flocks, and synthetic microswimmers show new classes of patterns (e.g., motile topological defects). Foundational PDF: Marchetti et al., "Hydrodynamics of Soft Active Matter" (Reviews of Modern Physics, 2013).
: Describes oscillatory patterns and spatiotemporal chaos in systems like laser physics or chemical oscillators.