| | Date | Status | Key Change | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | FM 31-28 (FOUO) | 1 Dec 1999 | Obsolete / Superseded | First dedicated SF urban warfare doctrine | | TC 90-1 | 2008 | Obsolete | Added IED cell tactics from Iraq | | TC 18-01 | 2011 | Obsolete | Added direct action raid techniques (Bin Laden era) | | ATP 3-06.1 / MCWP 3-35.3 | 2017+ | Current | Combined arms urban ops; no longer FOUO |
FM 31-28 FOUNO provides comprehensive guidance on advanced urban combat techniques for Special Forces. The manual acknowledges the urban environment's complexity and the operational challenges it presents. The document underscores the need for specialized training, adaptability, and decisive action in urban combat scenarios.
: Designated as FOUO (For Official Use Only) , it contains sensitive techniques, tactics, and procedures (TTPs) intended strictly for military personnel and commanders.
By 1999, the U.S. Army recognized that future wars would not be fought solely in the German Fulda Gap or the deserts of Iraq. Instead, conflicts were moving into sprawling megacities: Mogadishu (1993), Grozny (1994-95), and the ongoing Balkan peacekeeping operations. For Special Forces, whose primary mission was Unconventional Warfare (UW) – training guerrillas in denied territory – the urban environment was a nightmare. How do you run a resistance cell in a city of 2 million, under pervasive surveillance, with vertical terrain and civilians everywhere?
Field Manual (FM) 31-28, Special Forces Advanced Urban Combat (SFAUC) , is a specialized Army doctrine published on December 1, 1999
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| | Date | Status | Key Change | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | FM 31-28 (FOUO) | 1 Dec 1999 | Obsolete / Superseded | First dedicated SF urban warfare doctrine | | TC 90-1 | 2008 | Obsolete | Added IED cell tactics from Iraq | | TC 18-01 | 2011 | Obsolete | Added direct action raid techniques (Bin Laden era) | | ATP 3-06.1 / MCWP 3-35.3 | 2017+ | Current | Combined arms urban ops; no longer FOUO |
FM 31-28 FOUNO provides comprehensive guidance on advanced urban combat techniques for Special Forces. The manual acknowledges the urban environment's complexity and the operational challenges it presents. The document underscores the need for specialized training, adaptability, and decisive action in urban combat scenarios. | | Date | Status | Key Change
: Designated as FOUO (For Official Use Only) , it contains sensitive techniques, tactics, and procedures (TTPs) intended strictly for military personnel and commanders. : Designated as FOUO (For Official Use Only)
By 1999, the U.S. Army recognized that future wars would not be fought solely in the German Fulda Gap or the deserts of Iraq. Instead, conflicts were moving into sprawling megacities: Mogadishu (1993), Grozny (1994-95), and the ongoing Balkan peacekeeping operations. For Special Forces, whose primary mission was Unconventional Warfare (UW) – training guerrillas in denied territory – the urban environment was a nightmare. How do you run a resistance cell in a city of 2 million, under pervasive surveillance, with vertical terrain and civilians everywhere? Field Manual (FM) 31-28
Field Manual (FM) 31-28, Special Forces Advanced Urban Combat (SFAUC) , is a specialized Army doctrine published on December 1, 1999
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