Indonesia's cultural diversity is one of its greatest strengths, but it also presents challenges for social cohesion. The country has a long history of inter-ethnic and inter-religious conflict, which has often been fueled by issues of identity, power, and resource distribution. Despite these tensions, Indonesia has made significant progress in promoting social cohesion and national unity, particularly through the national motto of "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" or "Unity in Diversity."

The cultural tendency to respect elders ( hormat ) translates into a political tendency to obey leaders without question. This has created a system of patronage where loyalty is rewarded over competence. In villages, the Pak Lurah (village head) is viewed not as a public servant, but as a semi-royal figure.