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Unlike the Hollywood studio system, where a single entity often funds and owns a production, Japanese anime relies heavily on the seisaku iinkai (production committee). This is a consortium of disparate companies—TV stations, toy manufacturers, music labels, and publishers—who share the risk and rights.

This system is culturally rooted in risk aversion and consensus building ( nemawashi ). While it allows for niche content to be produced with lower financial risk, it results in a fractured rights management system that complicates international distribution. Furthermore, it prioritizes merchandise sales (toys, character goods) over narrative complexity, influencing the creative direction of the medium. caribbeancom051818669 chiaki hidaka jav unce verified